EP-002Evaluating
Safety and Risk Management in Wilderness Programs
How wilderness programs describe safety and risk management in public information, and what to look for.
Wilderness programs often describe safety and risk management as core components of their operations, but the details vary widely. Public materials may highlight staff training, emergency protocols, and insurance. This article explains how to read those descriptions critically.
What do wilderness programs typically say about safety?
Most wilderness programs state that they prioritize safety and have risk management plans. They may mention staff certifications, such as Wilderness First Responder, and describe emergency response procedures. Some cite adherence to industry standards or accreditation. However, these descriptions can be general and may not cover specific risks.
How can I tell if a program's safety claims are credible?
Look for specifics. Credible programs often name the certifications their staff hold, describe how they handle medical emergencies, and explain their communication protocols. They may also provide information about insurance coverage and licensing. Vague statements like "we take safety seriously" without details are less informative.
What should I ask about staff training and certifications?
Ask what percentage of staff are certified in wilderness first aid, how often certifications are renewed, and whether staff receive background checks. Also inquire about staff-to-participant ratios and how they vary by activity. For example, rock climbing may require different ratios than hiking.
How do programs handle emergencies in remote areas?
Programs should have written emergency action plans. Ask how they communicate with local emergency services, what evacuation procedures exist, and how they handle medical issues. They may use satellite phones or personal locator beacons. Some programs have staff trained in search and rescue.
What does risk management look like in practice?
Risk management includes identifying hazards, implementing controls, and reviewing incidents. Programs may conduct regular safety audits and maintain incident reports. They might also have a risk management committee. OSHA provides guidance on workplace safety that can inform these practices, though wilderness programs are not necessarily covered by OSHA in the same way as fixed workplaces (https://www.osha.gov/).
How can I compare safety approaches across programs?
Use a checklist to compare key elements. Below is a sample comparison table.
| Element | Program A | Program B |
|---|---|---|
| Staff certifications | Wilderness First Responder required | First Aid/CPR only |
| Emergency communication | Satellite phones, PLBs | Cell phones (limited coverage) |
| Evacuation plan | Written, practiced | Verbal, not practiced |
| Insurance | Liability and medical | Liability only |
| Incident reporting | Public annual report | Not available |
This table is illustrative. Ask each program for their specific documentation.
What are common risks in wilderness programs?
Risks include injury from falls, weather exposure, illness, and getting lost. Programs should address these in their risk management plans. General outdoor safety and injury prevention information can help you understand these risks. For example, proper hydration and insect protection are often emphasized in outdoor safety guidance.
How can I verify a program's safety record?
Ask for incident reports or statistics. Some programs publish these; others may provide them upon request. You can also check with accrediting bodies or state licensing agencies. Note that not all programs are accredited or licensed, and requirements vary by state.
What should I do if I have concerns about safety?
Discuss your concerns directly with the program. Ask for written policies and procedures. If you are considering a program for a family member, you may want to visit the site and meet staff. Trust your instincts: if a program is evasive or dismissive, that is a red flag.
How can I stay informed about safety standards?
Follow updates from organizations like OSHA for general workplace safety guidance. For wilderness-specific standards, look to accrediting bodies such as the Association for Experiential Education (AEE) or the Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare Council (OBHC). These organizations provide accreditation and may have public directories.
For more information on evaluating programs, see Questions to Ask a Program and Accreditation and Licensing Basics. You may also find Comparing Program Types helpful.
Safety and risk management are critical when choosing a wilderness program. By asking detailed questions and requesting documentation, you can make a more informed decision. Always consult current official guidance from relevant authorities for the most up-to-date information.
